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Formula issues


General problems with the formulas
The main problems with most formulas (e.g. SA/D or ballast ratio) are not the formulas as such, but how they are used. When components like "sail area", "displacement" and "length" are not clearly defined then 1) calculations may result in different results for the same boat, and 2) it is impossible to compare the same ratio for different boats. So,... how to mitigate these problems?

Issues with 'Sail Area'
Many (most!) formulas refer to 'Sail Area' of a sailboat without defining what they actually mean by the sail area. Which sails is the calculation based on?
- mainsail and fok?
- mainsail and genoa? And if 'yes', which genoa?
It is obvious that using different value for the sail area will result in different result

Mitigation:
P: Mainsail hoist
E: Mainsail foot
I: Height of Foretriangle
J: Base of Foretriangle
In our calculations, we use the nominal sail area as defined in the ISO 8666[1] standard, where the sail area is defined as (P*E + I*J)/2.

Advantages:
- A well recognized international ISO definition is used.
- The calculation are well defined.
- Since the same definition is used for all boats, similar boats can be compared.

Disadvantages:
- Looking at a specific calculation for a specific boat, the calculation is not entirely fair as no boat has precise this sail area. The area of the standard jib might be ok, but the main sail will typically be a bit larger.

Issues with 'Displacement'
Many (most!) formulas refer to 'Displacement' of a sailboat without defining what they actually include in their displacement.
Examples:
- Is the weight of the motor included? and what about the fuel?
- Are the weight of the crew included?
- What about water, food and the like?

To highlight the displacement issue, the International Standard ISO 12217-2[2] operates with 6 (six!) different definitions for the displacement of a boat:
mMass of the boat, used where more than one loading condition is considered
mECMass of the boat in the empty craft condition
mLCMass of the boat in the light craft condition
mMOMass of the boat in the minimum operating condition
mLDCMass of the boat in maximum load condition
mLAMass of the boat in the loaded arrival condition

Mitigation:
In our calculations, we use the mEC or equivalent mass condition.

Advantages:
- A well recognized international ISO definition is used.
- Since the same definition is used for all boats, similar boats can be compared.

Disadvantages:
- Looking at a specific calculation for a specific boat under sail mEC cannot be used. In this scenario, the displacement must also include crew, fuel, and cargo. For a boat under sail mMO or mLDC would be a better choice.

Issues with 'Length'
Most people consider length as loa (Length over all). Unfortunately the term 'loa' is not well defined. In the good old days, the loa was measured as the length of the hull (LH). The loa did not include the pulpit, bathing ladder, and the like. When you look in sales brochures nowadays, the loa includes these exterior items because the boat will appear longer. We believe that it is the old interpretation of the loa (i.e. LH) that is intended to be used in the formulas.

Mitigation:
Therefore - in order to avoid any confusion - we use the length of the hull (LH) as defined in ISO 8666[1] in our calculations as this is consistent with the old interpretation of the loa.

Advantages:
- A well recognized international ISO definition is used.
- Is well aligned with length defined by international sailing rules and provided by measurers.
- Since the same definition is used for all boats, similar boats can be compared.
- The value is often easy available.

Disadvantages:
- None identified.

Conclusion
Two issues were raised:
1) Calculations may result in different results for the same boat.
2) It is impossible to compare the same ratio for different boats.

Using the described mitigations, different people will provide the same result for the same boat. Further it is possible to use the formulas to provide a fair comparison among similar boats.

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References